Nigerian Civil War
The Biafran War (1967–1970), including causes, battles, leaders, international involvement, and post-war reconstruction in Nigeria.
Lagos Billion Naira Budget: 3 Powerful Headlines That Captured Nigeria Before the 1983 Coup
The Lagos Billion Naira Budget announced at the end of 1983 represented one of the most striking financial ambitions of Lateef Jakande’s government. A...
Awolowo and Biafra: The £20 Policy, Starvation and Currency War That Shaped Nigeria’s Civil War
Awolowo and Biafra remain inseparable in Nigeria’s public memory of the Civil War. More than half a century after the conflict, the name of...
Ogbugo Kalu: The Remarkable Commander Behind Biafra’s 1969 Recapture of Owerri
Ogbugo Kalu was one of the Nigerian Army officers whose careers were transformed by the political and military upheavals of 1966. A professionally trained...
Mohammed Shuwa: The Civil War General Whose Death Exposed Nigeria’s New Security Crisis
Major General Mohammed Shuwa, also widely referred to as Mamman or Muhammadu Shuwa, remains one of the important military figures of Nigeria’s post-independence history....
The General Who Survived Nigeria’s Civil War, Then Fell in Maiduguri
Major General Mohammed Shuwa, also widely remembered as Mamman Shuwa, remains one of the notable soldiers of Nigeria’s generation after independence. His life connects...
Angelica Oyediran and the Quiet Work of Returning Biafra’s Displaced Children
Angelica Yewande Oyediran was born into one of Lagos’ most historically significant families. She was a granddaughter of Chief Candido Joao Da Rocha, a...
Adekunle Fajuyi and the July 1966 Crisis
In the early hours of 29 July 1966, Nigeria stood on the edge of collapse. Just months after the first military coup had ended...
Why Ojukwu Declared Biafra After Killings, Fear, and the Collapse of Nigeria’s First Union
Nigeria did not arrive at the declaration of Biafra through a single event. The break came after months of violence, fear, mistrust, and political...
The Nigerian Civil War and Why Its Memory Still Divides Nigeria
The Nigerian Civil War is often reduced to a short summary, a war fought between federal Nigeria and the secessionist Republic of Biafra from...
Why Many in Eastern Nigeria Stopped Believing Nigeria Could Protect Them After 1966
By the mid 1960s, Nigeria was still a young country trying to hold together very different regions, political traditions, and elite rivalries. Independence had...