Nigerian Civil War
The Biafran War (1967–1970), including causes, battles, leaders, international involvement, and post-war reconstruction in Nigeria.
When the War Ended but the Waiting Began in Nigeria’s Southeast
When fighting ended in January 1970, peace arrived without clarity for millions in the former Biafran territory. Families returned to towns and villages expecting...
When Enugu Fell and the Sea Closed, Biafra Entered a War It Could No Longer Escape
The change did not come with sirens or proclamations. It arrived in smaller ways that were harder to name and easier to feel. Roads...
When the Midwest Woke to Soldiers on the Bridge
The war did not begin in the Midwest with a declaration or a broadcast. It arrived quietly, on tyres and steel, in the hours...
When Survival Demanded More Than Silence, Biafran Women Carried the War on Their Backs
The Nigerian Civil War announced itself quietly in many communities across the Eastern Region. It arrived not first with gunfire, but with absence. Men...
The January 1966 Coup Plotters
In the early hours of January 15, 1966, mutinous elements within the Nigerian Army launched coordinated actions aimed at ending the First Republic’s civilian...
When Blockade Closed Ports, Biafra Built Its Own Arsenal and Changed the Nature of War
The first sign of a different kind of battle did not come from the front line. It came from the clang of metal on...
How Biafra’s Scientists Turned Blockade Into Battlefield Innovation
Across the territory known as Biafra, silence arrived before the rumble of conflict. Engines that once connected towns stalled in the roads. Generators that...
When Classrooms Fell Silent: How the Biafran War Broke Education in Southeastern Nigeria
The war did not announce itself to children in southeastern Nigeria with gunfire. It arrived more quietly. A school term ended without explanation. Teachers...
When Hunger Reached the Home, How the Nigerian Civil War Turned Biafra’s Children into Survivors and Soldiers
The war did not announce itself with gunfire in many Biafran homes. It arrived quietly, when food failed to appear, when queues outside relief...
Nigeria at Breaking Point, The Months That Led to the 15 January 1966 Coup
In the final months before 15 January 1966, Nigeria’s First Republic still appeared to function as a parliamentary democracy. There was a Prime Minister...