The Nigerian Labour Congress (NLC) is the principal umbrella organisation for trade unions in Nigeria, representing millions of workers across diverse sectors. Since its formal establishment in 1978, the NLC has been a central force in shaping labour policy, defending workers’ rights, and influencing national governance. Its history reflects Nigeria’s democratic struggles, labour activism, and economic challenges.
Origins: The Birth of a Unified Labour Movement
Prior to the NLC’s formation, Nigeria’s trade union movement was fragmented. Multiple labour centres existed, representing different sectors such as railways, teaching, mining, and civil service. By the early 1970s, four dominant bodies existed:
- Nigeria Trade Union Congress (NTUC)
- Labour Unity Front (LUF)
- United Labour Congress (ULC)
- Nigeria Workers’ Council (NWC)
Rivalries and ideological differences weakened these organisations. In response, the Nigerian military government under General Olusegun Obasanjo restructured the trade union movement in 1978, consolidating over 40 trade unions under one umbrella. This led to the formation of the Nigerian Labour Congress, with the goal of streamlining industrial relations and creating a unified voice for workers.
Founding Leadership and Early Struggles (1978–1980s)
Wahab Goodluck, a former leader of the Nigerian Union of Railwaymen, became the NLC’s first president, with Alhaji Hassan Sunmonu serving as General Secretary.
In 1981, the NLC led a landmark nationwide strike over the implementation of the national minimum wage of ₦125, marking its first major national action. The strike successfully pressured the government to honour wage agreements and established the NLC as a powerful advocate for workers’ rights.
The mid-1980s brought further challenges. Under General Ibrahim Babangida’s administration, Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) introduced fuel subsidy removals, currency devaluation, and trade liberalisation. These measures caused economic hardship, prompting the NLC to organise protests and strikes.
In 1988, the Babangida regime dissolved the NLC, appointing administrators due to alleged financial mismanagement and political agitation. The NLC was reconstituted in 1989, but relations with the government remained tense, particularly as the NLC became increasingly engaged in political advocacy.
The 1990s: Pro-Democracy Activism
During the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election, the NLC took a prominent political stance, joining pro-democracy movements against military rule. This period reinforced the NLC’s role as both a labour organisation and a political actor.
Leadership during this period included figures such as Pascal Bafyau, who maintained the NLC’s activism despite military government opposition.
EXPLORE NOW: Democratic Nigeria
Labour and the Transition to Democracy (1999–2000s)
The return to civilian rule in 1999 marked a new phase for the NLC. Under leaders such as Adams Oshiomhole, the NLC strengthened its activism. Fuel subsidy removals under President Olusegun Obasanjo sparked nationwide protests and general strikes between 2000 and 2007, cementing the NLC’s reputation as a defender of workers’ welfare.
The NLC’s campaigns during this period went beyond wages to encompass broader social and economic issues, including public sector reforms and opposition to policies perceived as anti-worker.
Internal Disputes and Reconciliation (2010s)
The 2010s saw internal challenges for the NLC. Leadership disputes culminated in the formation of the United Labour Congress (ULC) in 2015, led by Joe Ajaero. This split temporarily weakened labour unity, with competing directives issued to workers.
In 2020, after negotiations, the ULC rejoined the NLC, restoring the organisation’s position as Nigeria’s primary labour federation.
Recent Activities and Continuing Influence (2020s)
The NLC remains a key pressure group in Nigeria’s labour and political landscape. Recent campaigns have addressed:
- Minimum Wage Enforcement: Pressuring states to implement the ₦30,000 national minimum wage signed into law in 2019.
- Fuel Subsidy Removal Protests: In 2023, the NLC organised mass protests against the removal of fuel subsidies under President Bola Ahmed Tinubu.
- Public Sector Reforms: Advocating for pension reforms, improved healthcare, and better conditions for workers.
Currently led by Joe Ajaero, the NLC continues to balance negotiation and confrontation in defending workers’ interests.
Key Figures in NLC History
- Wahab Goodluck – First President, 1978
- Hassan Sunmonu – First General Secretary
- Pascal Bafyau – President during late 1980s–1990s pro-democracy struggles
- Adams Oshiomhole – President in early 2000s, led major fuel subsidy protests
- Ayuba Wabba – President (2015–2023), oversaw reconciliation with ULC
- Joe Ajaero – Current President
Why the NLC Matters Today
The NLC is not just a labour federation; it is a central actor in Nigeria’s democratic and economic life. Its strikes and advocacy have shaped labour rights, influenced government policy, and amplified citizens’ voices. In a nation with persistent economic inequality, the NLC’s activism is vital for ensuring fairness and social justice.
EXPLORE NOW: Biographies & Cultural Icons of Nigeria
Author’s Note
The history of the Nigerian Labour Congress is a history of resilience and struggle. From its founding in 1978 to its role in Nigeria’s democratic movements and contemporary labour battles, the NLC has been a vital force for workers’ rights and national discourse. This history shows that organised labour remains a key pillar of democratic governance and social justice. The NLC’s journey reflects the broader story of Nigeria’s political evolution and the continuing quest for equitable development.
References
- Adebayo, A. (2013). Labour and Politics in Nigeria. Ibadan: University Press.
- Olukoshi, A. (2004). The Politics of Trade Unionism in Nigeria. Lagos: Centre for Social Studies.
- Nigerian Labour Congress. (n.d.). “History of the NLC.” Retrieved from nlcng.org
