The Nigerian Coat of Arms is more than a decorative emblem. Officially adopted in 1975, it stands as a national symbol of the country’s unity, sovereignty, and aspirations. Displayed on government buildings, official documents, currency, and passports, the coat of arms serves as a constant reminder of Nigeria’s heritage, natural wealth, and the values needed to maintain national cohesion.
Historical Background
Prior to independence in 1960, Nigeria used colonial symbols imposed by the British administration, often featuring the Union Jack and heraldic motifs linked to the monarchy. As independence approached, Nigerian leaders recognized the need for unique national symbols, including a flag, an anthem, and a coat of arms that would embody the identity of a new sovereign nation.
The design process for the coat of arms began in the 1960s under the Ministry of Information, with input from Nigerian artists, historians, and officials. While some preliminary proposals were made in this period, the final design was officially approved and adopted in 1975 during General Yakubu Gowon’s administration. The College of Arms in London provided heraldic approval, ensuring the emblem adhered to recognized standards while incorporating distinctly Nigerian symbolism.
Design Elements and Their Symbolism
The Black Shield
At the center is a black shield, symbolizing Nigeria’s fertile soil. Agriculture has historically underpinned the economy and shaped cultural life, and the black shield honors the country’s agrarian foundation.
The Wavy White Bands
Two white bands cross the shield in a Y-shape, representing the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers at Lokoja. This geographical feature is both a literal landmark and a metaphor for unity, bringing together diverse regions and peoples.
The Red Eagle
Perched above the shield, the red eagle embodies strength, vision, and resilience. It reflects the determination of the Nigerian people to overcome challenges.
The Green and White Wreath
Beneath the eagle lies a wreath in green and white, mirroring the national flag. Green signifies the nation’s lush vegetation and agricultural wealth, while white represents peace and unity.
Supporters: White Horses
Flanking the shield are two white horses, symbols of dignity, strength, loyalty, and endurance.
The Motto
The ribbon at the base bears the national motto: “Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress.” Originally adopted as “Unity and Faith,” the motto was expanded in 1978 to include peace and progress, capturing core national aspirations for cohesion, trust in collective potential, harmony, and development.
The Base: Costus spectabilis
The coat of arms rests on a depiction of Costus spectabilis, Nigeria’s national flower. Chosen for its widespread presence across the country, it signifies beauty, vitality, and national pride.
Development Process and Oversight
The coat of arms reflects careful planning by the Ministry of Information, integrating indigenous symbolism with formal heraldic traditions. Nigerian artists and historians contributed to ensuring that the emblem represented cultural identity, geography, and shared values. Final approval came from the federal government under General Gowon, with the College of Arms, London, certifying the design. This process ensured that the coat of arms met international standards while retaining distinct national significance.
Changes Over Time
The design has largely remained unchanged since 1975. Key adjustments include:
- Motto update (1978): Expanded from “Unity and Faith” to “Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress.”
- Artistic variations: Minor modifications appear in printed, digital, and sculpted versions, mainly in eagle shading and floral depiction.
- Legal protection: Use of the coat of arms is regulated; unauthorized commercial or political use is subject to prosecution under Nigerian law.
Importance in Modern Nigeria
National Identity
Recognized across ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups, the coat of arms embodies shared geography and values. The Niger-Benue confluence visually unites diverse regions, while the motto reinforces guiding principles for nation-building.
Official and Diplomatic Use
The emblem appears on official documents, currency, passports, military insignia, and diplomatic missions, reinforcing Nigeria’s sovereignty domestically and abroad.
Educational and Cultural Role
While not formally documented in all curricula, the coat of arms is included in civics and social studies programs, fostering awareness of national heritage among new generations. It also features in artwork, political speeches, and public events, symbolizing unity and national pride.
Contemporary Relevance
As Nigeria navigates challenges of democracy, economic growth, and social cohesion, the coat of arms remains a unifying symbol. Some debate updating national symbols to reflect contemporary issues, but the existing emblem continues to serve as a reminder of the nation’s founding ideals and shared identity.
Conclusion
The Nigerian Coat of Arms is more than a design—it is a statement of identity, unity, and aspiration. From the fertile black shield to the dignified horses and the soaring eagle, each element narrates Nigeria’s journey, heritage, and vision for progress. Nearly five decades after its adoption, the emblem continues to inspire national pride and reinforce shared values of unity, faith, peace, and progress.
References
Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette (1975) – Adoption of the Coat of Arms
College of Arms, London – Commonwealth Heraldic Approvals Archive
Ministry of Information Archives, Abuja – Design process and adoption records
National Orientation Agency publications – Nigerian national symbols
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