The history of Nigeria cannot be fully understood without recognizing the contributions of women in politics. From the struggles for independence to the complexities of modern democracy, Nigerian women have consistently played key roles often in the face of significant obstacles. The story of women in Nigerian politics is one of resilience, courage, and progress, though it continues to be shaped by cultural, social, and structural barriers. This article explores the evolution of women’s political participation in Nigeria, covering their roles from independence in 1960 to the present day, highlighting key figures, landmark events, changes over time, and why this history matters in shaping a democratic Nigeria.
Women’s Roles in the Independence Era
The fight for Nigeria’s independence in the 1940s and 1950s saw many women step into leadership positions in protests, advocacy, and mobilization. Although political offices were overwhelmingly dominated by men, women carved out their influence through grassroots activism.
The Aba Women’s Riot of 1929
Though predating independence, the Aba Women’s Riot remains foundational to women’s political history. Thousands of women protested unfair taxation and colonial authority, showing the power of female-led resistance and setting a precedent for future activism.
Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti
Known as the “Lioness of Lisabi,” Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti fought colonial taxation and later became a key figure in Nigeria’s political awakening. She co-founded the Nigerian Women’s Union and worked to increase women’s political participation, advocating for universal suffrage.
By 1960, as Nigeria prepared for independence, women had secured a strong voice in protests and advocacy, but representation in formal politics remained limited.
Post-Independence: Early Struggles for Representation
After independence, Nigeria’s political system remained heavily patriarchal. Women were granted the right to vote, but only a few entered formal politics. The first Republic (1960–1966) saw women like Margaret Ekpo and Janet Mokelu elected into regional houses of assembly, symbolizing early breakthroughs.
Margaret Ekpo
Margaret Ekpo became one of Nigeria’s most visible female politicians in the First Republic. As a member of the Eastern House of Assembly, she worked on issues affecting women and the broader society, inspiring others to participate in governance.
Despite these successes, the political landscape remained largely male-dominated, and the 1966 military coup further disrupted democratic governance, slowing women’s political advancement.
Women Under Military Rule
Between 1966 and 1999, Nigeria experienced long stretches of military rule, which created a hostile environment for political participation in general. However, women continued to push for inclusion.
Maryam Babangida and the “Better Life for Rural Women” Program
During General Ibrahim Babangida’s regime, his wife, Maryam Babangida, launched the Better Life for Rural Women Programme in 1987. Though criticized by some as symbolic rather than substantive, it drew attention to women’s issues, particularly in rural areas, and encouraged women to organize politically.
Challenges of Representation
Military regimes offered limited opportunities for democratic expression, and while women played roles in advocacy groups and non-governmental organizations, representation in formal governance remained marginal.
The Return to Democracy in 1999
The transition to democratic governance in 1999 marked a turning point. Civilian rule opened new opportunities for women to contest elections, participate in political parties, and influence policies.
Key Breakthroughs
In 1999, Senator Florence Ita-Giwa became a strong voice in the National Assembly, especially in the Niger Delta question.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, though not an elected politician, emerged as a key technocrat and later served as Finance Minister, influencing economic policies.
Women began to be appointed ministers, commissioners, and special advisers at higher rates than in previous decades.
Institutional Support
Women’s organizations and NGOs pushed for affirmative action and gender quotas, though implementation has remained inconsistent.
Landmark Achievements in the 21st Century
From the early 2000s, women’s participation in Nigerian politics became more visible, though progress has been uneven.
Dora Akunyili
As Director-General of NAFDAC, Dora Akunyili became a national hero for her war against counterfeit drugs. Later, as Minister of Information, she demonstrated the capacity of women to lead with integrity and impact.
Patricia Etteh
In 2007, Patricia Etteh became the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives. Though her tenure was short-lived due to controversies, her election was historic, symbolizing progress in gender representation.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala’s Global Leadership
Okonjo-Iweala’s global rise, culminating in her appointment as Director-General of the World Trade Organization in 2021, reflects Nigeria’s capacity to produce female leaders of international repute.
Women in Contemporary Politics
Despite these milestones, Nigerian women remain underrepresented in politics. The 2019 general elections highlighted this challenge: out of over 2,970 candidates who contested for various positions, only 62 women were elected, accounting for less than 5% of seats at the national level.
Barriers to Women’s Political Participation
Cultural and Religious Norms – In many parts of Nigeria, patriarchal traditions discourage women from seeking political office.
Financial Constraints – Politics in Nigeria is expensive, and women often lack the financial backing compared to their male counterparts.
Political Violence – Electoral violence and intimidation create unsafe environments for female aspirants.
Party Structures – Political parties often fail to enforce internal gender quotas or give women winnable positions.
Why Women’s Political History Matters Today
The story of women in Nigerian politics reflects broader struggles for democracy, equality, and inclusion. Understanding their contributions highlights:
The resilience of Nigerian women in pushing through barriers.
The importance of representation, as inclusive governance strengthens democracy.
The unfinished struggle, as women still fight for equal opportunities and protection in politics.
Women’s political history also inspires younger generations, showing that leadership is not confined to one gender.
Author’s Note
From the independence era to the present day, Nigerian women have played critical roles in shaping the nation’s political journey. Leaders like Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Margaret Ekpo, Maryam Babangida, Dora Akunyili, and Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala exemplify the courage and resilience of women in navigating difficult terrains. Yet, challenges remains tructural inequalities, financial barriers, and cultural norms continue to limit women’s representation.
For Nigeria to strengthen its democracy, women must not only be seen as participants but as equal partners in leadership. The history of women in Nigerian politics is a testament to resilience and progress, but it is also a call to action for a more inclusive democratic future.
