Nnamdi Azikiwe, widely called “Zik of Africa,” was a Nigerian journalist, nationalist, and political leader whose ideas and leadership shaped Nigeria’s journey to independence and the early years of self-governance. His advocacy for education, national unity, and African self-determination made him a central figure in the country’s nationalist movement.
Early Life and Education
Born on 16 November 1904 in Zungeru, Northern Nigeria, Azikiwe grew up in a Christian family. His father, Obed-Edom Chukwuemeka Azikiwe, was a teacher and catechist, while his mother, Rachel Chinwe Ogbenyeanu, provided early moral guidance. The family emphasised education, which influenced Azikiwe’s lifelong intellectual and political development.
In 1925, seeking higher education, he travelled to the United States. He studied at Storer College, Lincoln University—where he earned a degree in Political Science—and later at the University of Pennsylvania, taking courses in economics and anthropology. To support himself, he undertook various jobs and became involved with African-American intellectual circles, Pan-Africanist thought, and the writings of leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois. These experiences shaped his views on race, colonialism, and African self-determination.
Journalism and the Birth of Nationalist Consciousness
Returning to Nigeria in 1934, Azikiwe turned to journalism to educate and mobilise the populace. In 1937, he founded the West African Pilot, a Lagos-based newspaper advocating self-governance, social reform, and Nigerian unity. The publication challenged colonial narratives, encouraged civic engagement, and highlighted issues affecting ordinary Nigerians.
Azikiwe’s writings articulated political principles that became associated with Zikism, which emphasised African identity, mental emancipation, economic self-reliance, and social regeneration. Through his journalism, he sought to cultivate political awareness, inspire participation, and foster national consciousness among Nigeria’s diverse ethnic communities.
Political Career and the Struggle for Independence
In 1944, Azikiwe co-founded the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) alongside Herbert Macaulay. The NCNC became a leading force advocating constitutional reform, greater African representation, and eventual independence. Following Macaulay’s death in 1946, Azikiwe emerged as the party’s most prominent leader.
In 1954, he was elected Premier of the Eastern Region, where he focused on educational development, infrastructure, and regional administration. Azikiwe promoted cooperation across ethnic and regional lines, reflecting his belief that national unity was essential for independence.
Nigeria gained independence on 1 October 1960. Azikiwe was appointed Governor-General, serving as the ceremonial representative of the British monarch. In 1963, Nigeria became a republic, and he became its first President. While largely symbolic under the parliamentary system, the position represented national unity and the realisation of decades-long nationalist struggles.
Challenges of the First Republic
The First Republic faced political instability and regional rivalries. The 1964 federal elections heightened tensions, particularly between the Northern People’s Congress (NPC) and southern parties. In his constitutional role, Azikiwe sought to maintain national stability while respecting parliamentary procedures.
The military coup of 15 January 1966 ended civilian governance. Azikiwe, abroad at the time, was removed from office. These events contributed to the outbreak of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). Though he did not formally negotiate between warring parties, Azikiwe consistently advocated for reconciliation and national unity.
Legacy and Nation-Building
Azikiwe’s contributions extended beyond politics. He played a central role in promoting higher education, notably founding the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. His principles of Zikism inspired generations to value African identity, self-reliance, and civic responsibility.
Even after leaving office, Azikiwe remained a moral and intellectual influence in public life. His legacy demonstrates that leadership encompasses not only authority but also education, ethical guidance, and the capacity to unite a nation. He died on 11 May 1996 at the age of 91, leaving a lasting imprint on Nigeria’s national consciousness.
Author’s Note
Nnamdi Azikiwe’s life illustrates how journalism, education, and political activism can foster national unity and empower citizens. His vision and principles continue to inform Nigerian politics and civic life. Zik’s story reminds us that leadership is measured not solely by office but by the ability to inspire, educate, and unite.
References
Coleman, James S. Nigeria: Background to Nationalism. University of California Press, 1958.
Isichei, Elizabeth. A History of Nigeria. Longman, 1983.
Sklar, Richard L. Nigerian Political Parties: Power in an Emergent African Nation. Princeton University Press, 1963.
